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Medieval English wool trade
The medieval English wool trade was one of the most important factors in the medieval English economy. 'No form of manufacturing had a greater impact upon the economy and society of medieval Europe than did those industries producing cloths from various kinds of wool'.〔John H. Munro, 'Medieval Woollens: Textiles, Textile Technology and Industrial Organisation, ''c''. 800-1500', in ''The Cambridge History of Western Textiles, Volume 1'', ed. by D. T. Jenkins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 181-227 (at 181).〕 The trade's liveliest period, 1250-1350, was 'an era when trade in wool had been ''the'' backbone and driving force in the English medieval economy'.〔Adrian R. Bell, Chris Brooks, Paul R. Dryburgh, ''The English Wool Market, c.1230–1327'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 1.〕
The wool trade was a major driver of enclosure (the privatisation of common land) in English agriculture, which in turn had major social consequences, as part of the British Agricultural Revolution.
Among the lasting monuments to the success of the trade are the 'wool churches' of East Anglia and the Cotswolds; the London Worshipful Company of Clothworkers; and the fact that since the fourteenth century, the presiding officer of the House of Lords has sat on the Woolsack, a chair stuffed with wool.
==Early Middle Ages==
During the early Anglo-Saxon period (c. 450-650), archaeological evidence for subsistence-level wool production using warp-weighted looms is extensive. Tools and technologies of spinning and weaving were similar to those of the Roman period; it is likely that fine, white wool continued to be produced from sheep introduced from the Mediterranean region alongside coarser local wools. Dyes included woad for blue and less frequently madder and lichens for reds and purples. Some high-status woollen cloth is found, including gold brocade.〔Penelope Walton Rogers, 'The Anglo-Saxons and Vikings in Britain, AD 450-1050', in ''The Cambridge History of Western Textiles, Volume 1'', ed. by D. T. Jenkins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 124-32 (at 124-27).〕 New textile types appeared around the tenth century, prominently including diamond twills whose use continued into the thirteenth century.〔Penelope Walton Rogers, 'The Anglo-Saxons and Vikings in Britain, AD 450-1050', in ''The Cambridge History of Western Textiles, Volume 1'', ed. by D. T. Jenkins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 124-32 (at 130).〕 There is little evidence for long-distance trade, but there seems to have been some, presumably of especially rare wools or cloths:〔John H. Munro, 'Medieval Woollens: The Western European Woollen Industries and their Struggles for International Markets, ''c''. 1000-1500', in ''The Cambridge History of Western Textiles, Volume 1'', ed. by D. T. Jenkins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 228-324 (228).〕 the silence of the sources is punctuated by a famous mention of the slipping standards of English cloaks exported to Frankia in a letter from Charlemagne to Offa of Mercia.
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